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classification of glycoside

The mechanism whereby cardiac glycosides cause a positive inotropic effect and electrophysiologic changes is still not completely clear. Structures with C/D, -OH groups is now believed to be dispensible. Normally plant sources provide a 5-membered unsaturated lactone while animal sources give a 6-membered unsaturated lactone. These glycosides have steviol as the aglycone part. Upon hydrolysis, the glycoside loses its sweet taste and is converted to the aglycone glycyrrhetinic acid plus two molecules of glucuronic acid. The glycone can consist of a single sugar group (monosaccharide) or several sugar groups (oligosaccharide). Because the order of sugars appears to have little to do with biological activity Nature has synthesized a repertoire of numerous cardiac glycosides with differing sugar skeleton but relatively few aglycone structures. A red colour is produced due to the presence of 2-deoxysugar. The effect on gastric acid secretion, promotion of mucous secretion and cell proliferation shows why licorice has potential in treating peptic ulcer. Their medicinal value is due to their expectorant effect. The bufadienolides are C24 homologues of the Cardenolides and carry a doubly unsaturated 6-membered lactone ring at the 17-position. Although two cardiac glycosides may differ by only one sugar residue their partition co-efficients may be significantly different resulting in different pharmacokinetics. The classification of glycoside hydrolases into families based on amino acid sequence similarities is complementary to other classifications and, when married with recent 3D structure determinations, provides a powerful analytical and predictive tool for modern scientists. The term 'genin' at the end refers to only the aglycone portion (without the sugar). In chemistry, glycosides are certain molecules in which a sugar part is bound to some other part. If the glycone group of a glycoside is glucose, then the molecule is a glucoside; if it is fructose, then the molecule is a fructoside; if it is glucuronic acid, then the molecule is a glucuronide; etc. Cassava, an important food plant in Africa and South America, contains cyanogenic glucosides and therefore has to be washed and ground under running water prior to consumption. Glycosides are compounds containing a carbohydrate and a noncarbohydrate residue in the same molecule. The unsaturated 17-lactone plays an important role in receptor binding. Here the aglycone is a simple phenolic structure. 2. This results in the development of edema in the lower extremities and the lung (pulmonary edema) as well as renal failure. It … Report a Violation, Cardiac Glycosides: Types, Chemical Test and Other Details, Anthraquinones Glycosides (3 Chemical Tests), Dioscorea: Sources, Macroscopical Character and Uses (With Diagram). Digitalis purpurea, Digitalis lanata, Strophanthus grtus, and Strophanthus kombe are the major sources of the cardiac glycosides. The process of muscle contraction can be pictured as shown below. Add one or two drop of concentrated sulphuric acid. Click the following links to view the three dimensional structures of digitoxigenin, digoxigenin, gitoxigenin, strophanthidin and bufalin. A deep red colour is produced. Linkage takes place between -OH group of glycone and hydrogen from SH, NH,CH and OH to form: 1. Plants containing cardiac steroids have been used as poisons and heart drugs at least since 1500 B.C. To increase the diuretic action, due principally to the enhanced renal circulation (an inherent secondary action).

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