“LeMessurier compared the velocity of winds the building could withstand with weather data and found that a storm strong enough to topple Citicorp Center … PEO. The student’s professor said that the building’s columns were misplaced. This NSPE conclusion also has a utilitarianism bias. structural bracing to transfer loads to columns placed at the midspan of the building’s - exterior walls. LeMessurier tried to take comfort from another element of Citicorp's advanced design: the building's tuned mass damper. 98-9: Duty to Report Unsafe Conditions/Client Request for Secrecy." LeMessurier’s actions have been under scrutiny since the scandal became public and there are questions regarding whether his actions were entirely ethical, if he had acted to protect his reputation or the public. LeMessurier and his team worked with the Citicorp higher-up to coordinate emergency repairs on the building. The Citicorp Tower should have been checked for quartering winds because building codes require consideration of the most severe loading case. On the other hand the mass dampener was not designed to operate for such a purpose and the technology had not undergone adequate experimentation to validate its usefulness as a measure against ultimate failure. This landmark skyscraper was the world’s 9th tallest upon completion, employing several structural innovations: four mid-side trussed columns at the base support the tower, which cantilevers over the city block below; loads are directed to the main columns by 15-story super braces; the world’s first tuned mass damper controls building motion under wind loads. While LeMessurier’s white lies could have prevented panic, it was not ethical according to Kant as this is not a principle that people should follow. Thus, the Citicorp’s building had columns in the center of its sides instead of the corner so the corners cantilevered over the church. Public panic could happen, but would likely be reduced since LeMessurier was already working on rectifying the design flaws.
In the Citicorp situation, providing the public with the truth would have caused the greatest benefit to the most number of people as people would be informed on whether or not to risk to working in the area. Reed was well equipped to understand the problem. LeMessurier and Stubbins went to see Reed at the bank's ornate executive offices, in an older building on Lexington Avenue, across the street from Citicorp Center.
Decisions were being made by both LeMessurier and head officials from Citicorp, who were partially managing the situation. LeMessurier was the structural engineer behind the uniquely designed Citicorp Centre Tower, which at its completion in 1977 carried the title of seventh tallest building in the world.
In June 1978, LeMessurier received a phone call from an engineering student writing a paper on the Citicorp building. In 1999 the BER had opened the subject to all NSPE members and the results were published in NSPE’s Engineering Times largely echoed the BER’s conclusion (Eugene, 2002). They had 2500 Red Cross volunteers on standby, and three different weather services employed 24/7 to keep an eye on potential windstorms. The New Yorker, May 29, 1995 P. 45.
Public panic could happen, but would likely be reduced since LeMessurier was already working on rectifying the design flaws. [1] "Case No. The columns would act as stilts raising the building … Utilitarianism states an action is ethical if it provides the greatest benefit to the most number of people with intensity, duration and equality distribution factors considered [2]. This makes LeMessurier’s actions unethical according to the utilitarianism theory. 1998. http://www.nspe.org/resources/pdfs/Ethics/EthicsResources/EthicsCaseSearch/1998/BER98-9-app.pdf (accessed February 25, 2013). In 1999 the BER had opened the subject to all NSPE members and the results were published in NSPE’s, …discouraging untrue, unfair or exaggerated statements with respect to professional engineering. While the braces helped to redistribute the weight, they would also make the building too light for its height , thus it would sway during extreme weather conditions accompanied by high winds . Utilitarianism states an action is ethical if it provides the greatest benefit to the most number of people with intensity, duration and equality distribution factors considered [2]. LeMessurier explained that there was a church on the northwest corner of the site that they had to build around. During the repair and strengthening operations in the tower many facts were withheld from the public and considered misleading, vague press releases were offered in attempts to cover-up the structure’s inadequacy. Canada: Nelson Education, 2009, [3] PEO. LeMessurier was the structural engineer behind the uniquely designed Citicorp Centre Tower, which at its completion in 1977 carried the title of seventh tallest building in the world. In addition the dampener was electricly powered, very risky considering a power failure during a hurricane is relatively typically and would render it ineffective. With the help of the NYPD, they worked out an evacuation plan spanning a 10 block radius. White lies, according to Kant’s duty based ethics, are not acceptable even if the truth could cause more harm. http://www.nspe.org/resources/pdfs/Ethics/EthicsResources/EthicsCaseSearch/1998/BER98-9-app.pdf, http://www.peo.on.ca/Ethics/code_of_ethics.html, https://ethics.wikia.org/wiki/Citicorp_Fiasco?oldid=4612. They welded throughout the night and quit at … Telling the truth would align with the equality distribution, as described by utilitarianism, because everyone would be treated equally with the same knowledge. This makes LeMessurier’s actions unethical according to the utilitarianism theory. LeMessurier’s idea permitted each corner of the building to cantilever out 72 feet, which allowed Stubbins to delicately nestle the new church building into the northwest corner of the property while maintaining the use of the entire lot for Citicorp. NSPE.
Le… In 1998 the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) Board of Ethical Review (BER) had reviewed a hypothetical case very similar to the Citicorp fiasco and concluded that the need to avoid widespread panic did not justify the preservation of the facts and lack of public communication. In the Citicorp situation, providing the public with the truth would have caused the greatest benefit to the most number of people as people would be informed on whether or not to risk to working in the area.
http://www.nsbuild.rs/forum/galerija/1135-Svetsko-a-nije-na%C5%A1e?limit=20&start=140. "Code of Ethics." Kant’s duty based ethics is founded on the idea that everyone should follow universal principles and that human life must be respected [2]. However, due to the white lies, only LeMessurier and Citicorp officials knew the truth. The NSPE decision regarding LeMessurier's actions aligns with the idea of Kant’s duty based ethics and utilitarianism [1].
The structure was designed by Hugh Stubbins and William LeMessurier was the main consulting engineer on the project, who was very involved in much of the design process too.
LeMessurier had a duty to publicize the problem with the building. CITY PERILS about a structural defect uncovered in June, 1978 in Citibank's $175 million Citicorp Center tower which could have caused it … However, due to the white lies, only LeMessurier and Citicorp officials knew the truth. To avoid St. Peter’s Church at the corner of the site, LeMessurier placed four nine-storey high structural columns at the centre of each face rather than at each corner. Telling the truth would align with the equality distribution, as described by utilitarianism, because everyone would be treated equally with the same knowledge. http://www.peo.on.ca/Ethics/code_of_ethics.html (accessed February 25, 2013), In 1998 the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) Board of Ethical Review (BER) had reviewed a hypothetical case very similar to the Citicorp fiasco and concluded that the need to avoid widespread panic did not justify the preservation of the facts and lack of public communication. This machine, built at his behest and perched where the bells would have been if the Citicorp tower had been a cathedral, was essentially a four-hundred-and-ten-ton block of concrete, attached to huge springs and floating on a film of oil. The decision to change welded joints to bolted joints was an important change that should have been considered more carefully. [2] Andrews, Gordon C. Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics, Fourth Edition. Other Names: Citicorp. To address this problem, LeMessurier designed a chevron shaped exoskeleton system of giant braces that would redistribute the building’s weight securely down to the stilts. Built in 1977 to house the headquarters of Citibank, it is 915 feet (279 m) tall and has 59 floors with 1.3 million square feet (120,000 m ) of office space. The situation became especially critical when Hurricane Ella was expected to make landfall in New York during peak hurricane season in September. This NSPE conclusion also has a utilitarianism bias.
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