monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes

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Regulation of cytochrome P450 expression by microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs: Epigenetic mechanisms in environmental toxicology and carcinogenesis. Elsevier Science, Oxford, Vol 2, p 97, Cane DE (1999) Sesquiterpene biosynthesis:cyclization mechanisms. 2019.

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Sesquiterpene lactones are a common class of sesquiterpenoids that contain a lactone ring, hence the name. Intensive research in terpenes metabolism and toxicity represent the only way to reduce the risk of liver injury induced by essential oils and other terpenes-containing products.

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• Triterpenes: 6 isoprene units, 30 carbon atoms. Detailed structural and functional evaluation of four representative monoterpene, sesquiterpene, and diterpene synthases is also presented.

A monoterpene has 10 carbon and 16 hydrogen atoms.

Depending on the number of C5 units, we distinguish hemiterpenes C5, monoterpenes including iridoids (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), sesterterpenes (C25), triterpenes (including steroids) (C30), tetraterpenes (C40) and polyterpenes (>C40).

Terpene synthases catalyze the first committed steps in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes.

2017 Nov;24(31):24708-24713. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-0219-4. Most callus and suspension cultures derived from explants of herbaceous plants and trees that produce mono and sesquiterpenes do not accumulate products under conventional conditions. And sesquiterpenes contain 3 isoprene unit. Youyou T, Muyun N, Yurong Z, Lanna L, Shulian G, Muqun Z, Xiuzhen W, Xiaotian L. Zhang Z, Xie Y, Wang Y, Lin Z, Wang L, Li G. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Sesquiterpenes are heavier than monoterpenes and they tend to appear towards the end of the distillation process. Alkaloid synthesis and accumulation is associated with that of monoterpenes, and not with any particular gland or structure in the tissues of higher plants. With the addition of a third ring, the possible structures become increasingly varied.

2020 Mar;177(6):1409-1423. doi: 10.1111/bph.14816. defensive agents or pheromones.

In: Law JH, Rilling HC (eds) Methods in enzymology — steroids and isoprenoids. Get the latest research from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus. pp 53-95 | Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol.

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In addition to common six-membered ring systems such as is found in zingiberene (a constituent of the oil from ginger), cyclization of one end of the chain to the other end can lead to macrocyclic rings such as humulene. 2013 Jul;96(7):4235-41. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-6502. In: Porter JW, Spurgeon SL (eds) Biosynthesis of isoprenoid compounds.

The reaction of geranyl pyrophosphate with isopentenyl pyrophosphate results in the 15-carbon farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes such as farnesene.[2][3]. Epub 2017 Sep 19. Most of these terpenes easily enter the human body by oral absorption, penetration through the skin, or inhalation leading to measurable blood concentrations.

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