As per a European Space Agency report, cold temperatures (below -80°C), sunlight, wind fields and substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were responsible for the degradation of the Arctic ozone … NOAA indexes each year’s gas concentration relative to the peak concentration of harmful gases (100) and the baseline concentration of 1980 (0). Rex., N. J. Livesey, M. C. Pitts, P. Veefkind, E. R. Nash, I. Wohltmann, R. Lehmann, L. Froidevaux, L. R. Poole, M. R. Schoeberl, D. P. Haffner, J. Davies, V. Dorokhov, H. Gernandt, B. Johnson, R. Kivi, E. Kyrö, N. Larsen, P. F. Levelt, A. Makshtas, C. T. McElroy, H. Nakajima, M. C. Parrondo, D. W. Tarasick, P. von der Gathen, K. A. Walker, and N. S. Zinoviev. Bull. This year, the ozone depletion over the Arctic was much larger. To stop ozone destruction, chemical manufacturers phased out the production of CFCs (short for chlorofluorocarbons) over the past two decades. Manney, G. L., M. L. Santee, M. Los Angeles air quality improves in lockdown 04:15. A figure showing current Antarctic sea ice extent can be found here. Maps by Dan Pisut, NOAA Environmental Visualization Laboratory, based on data from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on the NOAA POES satellite, compared to inter-calibrated data from similar sensors flown on satellites since 1978. In the far south, the ice-covered continent of Antarctica is surrounded by an ocean. The full State of the Climate in 2011 report is available as a pdf from the National Climatic Data Center. Science Editor: Despite not having any significant source , the abundance of CFC in Antarctica is quite high. Antarctica, on the other hand, is a continent, covered by a very thick ice cap and surrounded by a rim of sea ice and the Southern Ocean. An ozone mini-hole is a localized and transient reduction in total ozone column amounts, usually found from the midlatitudes into the polar regions. Difference from average temperature (1978-2011) in the Arctic stratosphere from January–March 2011. Sea Level 101: What Determines the Level of the Sea? Their changes affect global temperatures and can even change ocean circulation. ("Perennial" refers to the oldest and thickest sea ice.) This ‘mini hole’ in the ozone layer is believed to have been caused by unusual atmospheric conditions, including freezing temperatures in the stratosphere. Soc., 93 (7), S129–S132. Susan Callery ), In the Antarctic, winter temperatures in the stratosphere are persistently cold enough to create polar stratospheric clouds—and a large, severe ozone hole—every year. Extreme cold allows clouds to form in the stratosphere, even though the air there is extremely dry. B. L. Mueller, Attribution of Arctic Sea Ice Decline from 1953 to 2012 to Influences from Natural, Greenhouse Gas, and Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing, Mary-Louise Timmermans, John Toole and Richard Krishfield. The struggle to reach out and tell the climate story, When global warming gets you down, come back stronger. References So what can we do about it? But the maps below reveal the main reason this winter’s Arctic ozone loss was so much worse than it normally is: unusually persistent cold temperatures. Gerald A. Meehl et al, Antarctic sea-ice expansion between 2000 and 2014 driven by tropical Pacific decadal climate variability. Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011. Concentrations of ozone-depleting gases in the stratosphere have declined in recent decades. As colorful as any aurora, iridescent polar stratospheric clouds glitter in the low light of the spring sunrise at McMurdo Station in Antarctica in late August or early September 2003. This effectively makes it larger than the US. Alarmingly enough, scientists also detected an arctic ozone hole which, if as large as the Antarctic ozone hole, may leave over 700 million people, plants and animals to the deadly effects of ultra violet rays from the sun. Instead, the ozone is both horizontally and vertically displaced by the dynamics of the atmosphere. Nature, 478, 469-475. In the Arctic, however, ozone loss has generally been much more limited, so much so that scientists usually don’t even refer to the annual winter dip as a “hole.”. Science Editor: Values since then have been hovering around the average of all years prior in the satellite record. (Ozone naturally forms when oxygen is exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. But satellite observations show that Arctic sea ice has been declining in extent*, thickness and volume since 1979.1 Average Arctic sea ice extent is at its lowest since 1850. Meteor. The ozone hole over the Antarctic has reached its 2020 peak and is one of the largest holes of recent years. The circling winds formed a barrier that prevented Arctic air (and the ozone-depleting gases) from escaping the region. In general, the colder the stratosphere is over the winter, the more of the reactive, ozone-destroying chemicals that build up. Grooß, A. Heikkilä, B. Johnsen, T. Koskela, K. Lakkala, R. Müller, C. L. Myhre, and M. Rex (2012). Check the fine print on many cans of hairspray or shaving cream these days, and you’ll probably find a reassurance that the product you are holding contains “No CFCs or chemicals known to harm the ozone layer.” Located in the stratosphere, the ozone layer protects life on Earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Normally, when CFCs break down, the chlorine they release gets incorporated into very stable molecules that don’t react with ozone.
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