"use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. Born in Ravensburg, in 1129 or 1131, he was the son of Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, who was the son of Duke Henry the Black and an heir of the Billungs, former dukes of Saxony. There were serious family disputes in 1173, 1181 and 1184. [9] During World War I, a nail man depicting Henry the Lion, called Eiserner Heinrich, was used in Brunswick to raise funds for the German war effort. By this time, the office of duke of Swabia had been fully subsumed into the office of the king, and without royal authority had become meaningless. Although Frederick was one of the most energetic, imaginative, and capable rulers of the time, he was not concerned with drawing the disparate forces in Germany together.
He loved music and wrote some as well. Henry's actions upon Wolsey gave a strong signal to the pope that he would not honor the wishes of even the highest clergy and would instead exercise full power in every realm of his court. Because the election of a three-year-old boy to be German king appeared likely to make orderly rule difficult, the boy's uncle, Duke Philip of Swabia, brother of late Henry VI, was designated to serve in his place. When Otto died in 1218, Fredrick became the undisputed ruler, and in 1220 was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. However after the couple married, in January 1540, Henry disapproved of Anne in the flesh and divorced her after six months. In accordance with the legal provisions, you can ask for the removal of your name and the name of your minor children. When King Conrad III died without adult heir in 1152, Frederick also succeeded him, taking both German royal and Imperial titles. Mary Tudor, Henry’s first child to survive infancy with Queen Catherine, was born on February 18, 1516. Only in the 13th century does the name come to be applied to the family as a whole.
Henry failed to make royal and Imperial succession hereditary, but in 1196 he succeeded in gaining a pledge that his infant son Frederick would receive the German crown. https://www.biography.com/royalty/henry-viii. However, Jane was never officially coronated or crowned queen. And so, an English presence in Ireland was established. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry, who had successfully established a powerful and contiguous state comprising Saxony, Bavaria and substantial territories in the north and east of Germany, Frederick had Henry tried in absentia for insubordination by a court of bishops and princes in 1180. Henry reconciled himself with the church, but royal control over the church changed little.
Henry achieved this great power in part by his political and military acumen and in part through the legacies of his four grandparents. Three years after the death of Jane Seymour, Henry was ready to marry again, mainly to ensure the succession of his crown. [10][6], In Italian historiography, the Staufer are known as the Svevi (Swabians). An attempted reconciliation failed and Becket punished priests who had co-operated with Henry. Inside the court, however, Queen Anne suffered greatly from her failure to produce a living male heir. Henry IV granted religious freedom to Protestants by issuing the Edict of Nantes during his reign as king of France, from 1589 to 1610. The Assize of Clarendon (1166) established procedures of criminal justice, establishing courts and prisons for those awaiting trial. The documents are arranged into three themes: Power, Passion and Parchment. One of Henry’s mistresses during his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Mary Boleyn, introduced him to her sister, Anne, and Anne and Henry began secretly seeing one another. Henry decided he didn't need the pope's permission on matters of the Church of England. Henry VIII was interred in St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle alongside his deceased third wife, Jane Seymour. The next duke of the Welf dynasty Henry the Lion recovered his father's two duchies, Saxony in 1142, Bavaria in 1156 and thus ruled vast parts of Germany.
Henry faithfully supported his older cousin, the Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), in his attempts to solidify his hold on the Imperial Crown and his repeated wars with the cities of Lombardy and the Popes, several times turning the tide of battle in Frederick's favor with his Saxon knights. He petitioned the pope for an annulment but was refused due to pressure from Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Catherine's nephew. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, The fall of Henry the Lion (from Germany) -- Encyclopædia Britannica, Deposition of Henry the Lion. Within weeks of his divorce to Anne of Cleves, Henry married the very young Catherine Howard, a first cousin of Anne Boleyn, in a private marriage on July 28, 1540. Louis XVI was the last king of France (1774–92) in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of 1789. His sons - Henry, Geoffrey, Richard and John - mistrusted each other and resented their father's policy of dividing land among them. [25], From 2000 to 2018, the Committee of Staufer Friends (de) has built thirty-eight Staufer steles (de) in Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Czech Republic and the Netherlands.[26]. The exact connection between the family and Waiblingen is not clear, but as a name for the family it became very popular. Three other children are listed, by some sources, as having belonged to Henry and Matilda: And by his lover, Ida von Blieskastel, he had a daughter: The Henry the Lion Bible is preserved in near mint condition from the year 1170; it is located in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel, a town in Lower Saxony. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. Fully separated now from the pope, the Church of England was under England's rule, not Rome's. It was also during this period that castles and courts replaced monasteries as centers of culture. You are using an old version of IE that is not compliant with the web standards.
The conflict between the Staufer dynasty and the Welf had irrevocably weakened the Imperial authority and the Norman kingdom of Sicily became the base for Staufer rule. The pope conceded, but the official marriage of Henry and Catherine was postponed until the death of Henry VII in 1509. Frederick then invaded Saxony with an Imperial army to bring his cousin to his knees. Faced with difficulties in Italy and confident that he would realize his wishes in Germany at a later date, Henry returned to the south, where it appeared he might unify the peninsula under the Hohenstaufen name. Only the churches were left standing. [1], Henry's father died in 1139, aged 32, when Henry was still a child. [18], Frederick died in 1190 while on the Third Crusade and was succeeded by his son, Henry VI. The German artist, Hans Kloss, painted his Staufer-Rundbild depicting in great detail the history of the House of Hohenstaufen, in Lorch Monastery. Within 11 days of Anne Boleyn's execution, on May 30, 1536, Jane Seymour and Henry VIII formally wed. Scotland is recognized as independent by Richard I of England. He did not consider these Italian adventures worth the effort, unless Barbarossa presented Henry with the Saxon imperial city Goslar: a request Barbarossa refused.
In 1247, the Emperor Frederick II himself referred to his family as the domus Stoffensis (Staufer house), but this was an isolated instance. The two families requested that Pope Julius II officially grant a dispensation to Arthur and Catherine's marriage. A popular part of the tale deals with the Brunswick Lion. King Henry VIII mother was Henry’s wife, Elizabeth of York. By using this website you consent to our use of cookies. The most heavily urbanized areas of Germany were in the south and the west. George VI served as king of the United Kingdom during World War II and was an important symbolic leader. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. He subsequently died in custody. He joins the lion in its fight and they slay the dragon. However, the East Mark was not returned, which became Austria.[1]. Henry VIII’s father wanted to affirm his family's alliance with Spain, so he offered his young son to Catherine, who was the widow of Henry’s brother Arthur. He is a resident of the Kingdom, alongside his brother Benjamin. It was the only major threat to Henry's authority as monarch.
Emperor Frederick II spent little time in Germany as his main concerns lay in Southern Italy. Holy Roman Emperors and Kings of the Romans, The earliest depictions of the Staufer arms show a single lion; for a short time augmented to two lions, and after 1196 three lions or, "Die Staufer - Ursprung und Aufstieg eines Herrschergeschlechts", "Sighardinger (Sieghardinger, Sigehardinger)", "Der Mythos der Staufer - eine schwäbische Königsdynastie wird erinnert und instrumentalisiert", "SDie Hinrichtung Konradins von Hohenstaufen – Reaktionen der Zeitgenossen und Rezeption der Nachwelt", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hohenstaufen&oldid=987907936, 1070s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire, 1260s disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2014, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 9 November 2020, at 23:13. With the German colonization, the Empire increased in size and came to include the Duchy of Pomerania. At the height of his reign, Henry ruled over a vast territory stretching from the coast of the North and Baltic Seas to the Alps, and from Westphalia to Pomerania. Otto of Freising (d. 1158) associated the Staufer with the town of Waiblingen and around 1230 Burchard of Ursberg referred to the Staufer as of the "royal lineage of the Waiblingens" (regia stirps Waiblingensium). Henry was good-natured, but his court soon learned to bow to his every wish. After a series of military victories, however, he fell ill and died of natural causes in Sicily in 1197. Henry, 49, and Catherine, 19, started out a happy pair. He began his rule seeking advisers on most matters and would end it with absolute control. He repaid her with lavish gifts.
Charles II was the monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland during much of the latter half of the 17th century, marking the Restoration era. His legacy was thus that local rulers had more authority after his reign than before it. The Kyffhäuser Monument was erected to commemorate Frederick I, and was inaugurated in 1896. After its master's death, the lion refuses all food and dies of grief on Henry's grave. [9][6], The name "Staufen" itself derives from Stauf (OHG stouf, akin to Early Modern English stoup), meaning "chalice". Learn more about web browsers. Henry was born at Le Mans in north west France on 4 March 1133. William Shakespeare - The Life of the Bard. The first ruling Hohenstaufen, Conrad III, like the last one, Conrad IV, was never crowned emperor. A recent and credible theory suggests that he suffered from untreated type II diabetes. After less than four months of marriage, Arthur died at the age of 15, leaving his 10-year-old brother, Henry, the next in line to the throne. He was one of the most powerful German princes of his time, until the rival Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating him and eventually deprived him of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony during the reign of his cousin Frederick I Barbarossa and of Frederick's son and successor Henry VI. When John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Sir Thomas More, Henry's former Lord Chancellor, refused to take the oath to the king, they were beheaded at Tower Hill. The king's attempt to find an inheritance for John led to opposition from Richard and Philip II of France. Hi Everyone! In 1153, he crossed to England to pursue his claim to the throne, reaching an agreement that he would succeed Stephen on his death, which occurred in 1154.
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